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	<title>Justin Ledvina</title>
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	<link>http://justinledvina.com</link>
	<description>I have A DAY DAY</description>
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		<title>Get Ready To Get Dirty</title>
		<link>http://justinledvina.com/business/get-ready-to-get-dirty/</link>
		<comments>http://justinledvina.com/business/get-ready-to-get-dirty/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 07 May 2012 09:51:27 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Justin Ledvina</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Business]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://justinledvina.com/?p=475</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[I love this quote by Thomas Edison &#8220;Opportunity is missed by most people because it&#8217;s dressed in overalls and looks like work&#8221;. Take 2 minutes out of your Monday to find out my thoughts about this quote. Don&#8217;t forget to grab a copy of my new book Motivation Beyond the Quotes by clicking this link<a href="http://justinledvina.com/business/get-ready-to-get-dirty/">&#160;&#160;[ Read More ]</a>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I love this quote by Thomas Edison &#8220;Opportunity is missed by most people because it&#8217;s dressed in overalls and looks like work&#8221;.  Take 2 minutes out of your Monday to find out my thoughts about this quote.</p>
<p><iframe src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/p23ic7MYykc" frameborder="0" width="550" height="403"></iframe></p>
<p><a href="http://www.lulu.com/shop/justin-ledvina-and-patrick-griffin/motivation-beyond-the-quotes/paperback/product-20073175.html">Don&#8217;t forget to grab a copy of my new book Motivation Beyond the Quotes by clicking this link now!</a></p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		<slash:comments>6</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Live Your Passion</title>
		<link>http://justinledvina.com/business/live-your-passion/</link>
		<comments>http://justinledvina.com/business/live-your-passion/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 30 Apr 2012 10:48:05 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Justin Ledvina</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Business]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://justinledvina.com/?p=469</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[This weeks motivational quote comes from Mac Anderson and he says &#8220;People are like sticks of dynamite. The power is on the inside, but nothing happens until the fuse is lit&#8221;.  Take 2 minutes out of your Monday to find out my thoughts about this quote. Don&#8217;t forget to grab a copy of my new<a href="http://justinledvina.com/business/live-your-passion/">&#160;&#160;[ Read More ]</a>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>This weeks motivational quote comes from Mac Anderson and he says &#8220;People are like sticks of dynamite. The power is on the inside, but nothing happens until the fuse is lit&#8221;.  Take 2 minutes out of your Monday to find out my thoughts about this quote.</p>
<p><iframe src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/zU6Zbv7LhL4" frameborder="0" width="550" height="403"></iframe></p>
<p><a href="http://www.lulu.com/shop/justin-ledvina-and-patrick-griffin/motivation-beyond-the-quotes/paperback/product-20073175.html">Don&#8217;t forget to grab a copy of my new book Motivation Beyond the Quotes by clicking this link now!</a></p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		<slash:comments>6</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>TEToolbox Banner Rotator Basics</title>
		<link>http://justinledvina.com/branding/tetoolbox-banner-rotator-basics/</link>
		<comments>http://justinledvina.com/branding/tetoolbox-banner-rotator-basics/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 25 Apr 2012 21:25:42 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Justin Ledvina</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Branding]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://justinledvina.com/?p=465</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[I own TEToolbox and even I find it to be overwhelming and confusing but once I learned about this 1 feature it made the entire program worth it to me. Take 5 minutes out of your day and watch this basic tutorial on the Banner Rotator. Comeback later this week when I go in deeper<a href="http://justinledvina.com/branding/tetoolbox-banner-rotator-basics/">&#160;&#160;[ Read More ]</a>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I own TEToolbox and even I find it to be overwhelming and confusing but once I learned about this 1 feature it made the entire program worth it to me. Take 5 minutes out of your day and watch this basic tutorial on the Banner Rotator.</p>
<p><iframe src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/IGjrgD4g4nI" frameborder="0" width="550" height="403"></iframe></p>
<p>Comeback later this week when I go in deeper details on other functions inside the banner rotator at <a href="http://tetoolbox.com">TEToolbox</a>.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		<slash:comments>9</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Be Like MacGyver</title>
		<link>http://justinledvina.com/business/458/</link>
		<comments>http://justinledvina.com/business/458/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 23 Apr 2012 10:51:15 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Justin Ledvina</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Business]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://justinledvina.com/?p=458</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Theodore Roosevelt said it best &#8220;Do what you can with what you have where you are&#8221; Maybe it goes without saying but whenever you decide to do something you always have to start somewhere. The problem is many of us wait for the perfect situation to get going. Take 90 seconds of your day to<a href="http://justinledvina.com/business/458/">&#160;&#160;[ Read More ]</a>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Theodore Roosevelt said it best <em><strong>&#8220;Do what you can with what you have where you are&#8221;</strong></em></p>
<p>Maybe it goes without saying but whenever you decide to do something you always have to start somewhere. The problem is many of us wait for the perfect situation to get going. Take 90 seconds of your day to hear my thoughts about this very quote.</p>
<p><iframe src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/QiUN8dx4-0U" frameborder="0" width="550" height="403"></iframe></p>
<p><a href="http://www.lulu.com/shop/justin-ledvina-and-patrick-griffin/motivation-beyond-the-quotes/paperback/product-20073175.html">Don&#8217;t forget to grab a copy of my new book Motivation Beyond the Quotes by clicking this link now!</a></p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		<slash:comments>22</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Help Us Choose A Cover</title>
		<link>http://justinledvina.com/branding/help-us-choose-a-cover/</link>
		<comments>http://justinledvina.com/branding/help-us-choose-a-cover/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 11 Apr 2012 02:15:54 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Justin Ledvina</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Branding]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Business]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Design]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://justinledvina.com/?p=451</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Head over to Patrick&#8217;s blog by clicking here and help us choose the cover to our new book. Don&#8217;t forget to comeback here tomorrow to find out how you can get a copy!]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><iframe src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/ORDADjdI11M" frameborder="0" width="550" height="403"></iframe></p>
<p>Head over to <a href="http://www.patrickgriffinonline.com/blog/internet-marketing/sneak-preview-introducing-beyond-the-quotes">Patrick&#8217;s blog by clicking here</a> and help us choose the cover to our new book.</p>
<p>Don&#8217;t forget to comeback here tomorrow to find out how you can get a copy!</p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		<slash:comments>1</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Decisive Decision Maker</title>
		<link>http://justinledvina.com/leadership/decisive-decision-maker/</link>
		<comments>http://justinledvina.com/leadership/decisive-decision-maker/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 09 Apr 2012 10:05:47 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Justin Ledvina</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Business]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Leadership]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://justinledvina.com/?p=441</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Theodore Roosevelt said it best &#8220;In any moment of decision, the best thing you can do is the right thing, the next best thing you can do is the wrong thing, the worst thing you can do is nothing.&#8221; When you are clear and sharp on your decision, others will not second guess you; instead,<a href="http://justinledvina.com/leadership/decisive-decision-maker/">&#160;&#160;[ Read More ]</a>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Theodore Roosevelt said it best <em><strong>&#8220;In any moment of decision, the best thing you can do is the right thing, the next best thing you can do is the wrong thing, the worst thing you can do is nothing.&#8221;</strong></em></p>
<p>When you are clear and sharp on your decision, others will not second guess you; instead, they’ll back you up. There is no magic in developing the ability to be decisive. It is simply a mindset; a mental attitude that comes with practice and persistence.</p>
<p><iframe src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/Z5xybke4XFs" frameborder="0" width="550" height="403"></iframe></p>
<p><a href="http://justinledvina.com/leadership/decisiveness-builds-momentum-which-builds-success/">Don&#8217;t forget to checkout my blog post, by clicking here, which goes into deeper detail on this topic.</a></p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		<slash:comments>4</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Motivated for Monday Mornings</title>
		<link>http://justinledvina.com/leadership/motivated-for-monday-mornings/</link>
		<comments>http://justinledvina.com/leadership/motivated-for-monday-mornings/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 02 Apr 2012 08:47:15 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Justin Ledvina</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Business]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Leadership]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://justinledvina.com/?p=433</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[I remember when the days when I had a &#8220;real&#8221; job how I dreaded Monday mornings. The best part about doing what I love is Monday&#8217;s have been replaced with Saturdays! I eat, sleep and breathe my business so when Monday comes around, it&#8217;s pedal to the metal baby!! However Jim Rohn said it best<a href="http://justinledvina.com/leadership/motivated-for-monday-mornings/">&#160;&#160;[ Read More ]</a>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I remember when the days when I had a &#8220;<strong><em>real</em></strong>&#8221; job how I dreaded Monday mornings. The best part about doing what I love is Monday&#8217;s have been replaced with Saturdays! I eat, sleep and breathe my business so when Monday comes around, it&#8217;s pedal to the metal baby!!</p>
<p>However Jim Rohn said it best &#8220;<em>Motivation alone is not enough, if you have an idiot and you motivate him, now you have a motivated idiot.</em>&#8221;</p>
<p><iframe src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/BjxydYRsszM" frameborder="0" width="550" height="403"></iframe></p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		<slash:comments>13</slash:comments>
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		<item>
		<title>Photoshop Tutorial: Fun Medieval Text</title>
		<link>http://justinledvina.com/design/photoshop-tutorial-fun-medieval-text/</link>
		<comments>http://justinledvina.com/design/photoshop-tutorial-fun-medieval-text/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 20 Mar 2012 12:03:09 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Justin Ledvina</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Design]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Photoshop]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://justinledvina.com/?p=378</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[One of the things I get asked the most is &#8220;How did you do that?&#8221; Since this blog was started on the very question I felt it was time to do just that. Today we&#8217;ll be going over how I did the main Treasure text on Melvin&#8217;s Treasure mini game card. Fun Medieval Text Tutorial<a href="http://justinledvina.com/design/photoshop-tutorial-fun-medieval-text/">&#160;&#160;[ Read More ]</a>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>One of the things I get asked the most is <strong>&#8220;How did you do that?&#8221;</strong> Since this blog was started on the very question I felt it was time to do just that.</p>
<p>Today we&#8217;ll be going over how I did the main Treasure text on Melvin&#8217;s Treasure mini game card.</p>
<p><a href="http://justinledvina.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/treasuretutorial1.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-380 alignnone" title="treasuretutorial1" src="http://justinledvina.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/treasuretutorial1.jpg" alt="" width="520" height="153" /></a></p>
<h2>Fun Medieval Text Tutorial</h2>
<ul>
<li>Software: <em>Photoshop CS3 or higher</em></li>
<li>Skill Level: <em>Novice</em></li>
<li>Time: <em>15-20 minutes</em></li>
</ul>
<p>Before we get started you&#8217;re going to need Adobe Photoshop. Don&#8217;t worry if you don&#8217;t have a copy of it yet Adobe gives you a free 30 day trial. <a href="http://www.adobe.com/cfusion/tdrc/index.cfm?product=photoshop" target="_blank">Here is a link to start your FREE no obligation trial</a> so you can follow along on my super easy to do tutorial.</p>
<hr size="1" />
<h3>Step 1.</h3>
<p>Setup a new file inside Photoshop. Name it &#8220;fun medieval text&#8221;.</p>
<p><a href="http://justinledvina.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/treasuretutorial21.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-391" title="treasuretutorial2" src="http://justinledvina.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/treasuretutorial21.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="390" /></a></p>
<hr size="1" />
<h3>Step 2.</h3>
<p>Let&#8217;s get this image started off with a dark background color. I&#8217;m using #311909</p>
<p>I&#8217;m going to assume some of us have never used Photoshop before so I will show you how to do this. The rest of you PS pros skip to Step 3.</p>
<p><iframe src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/Y5nmAORasDI?rel=0" frameborder="0" width="550" height="403"></iframe></p>
<hr size="1" />
<h3>Step 3.</h3>
<p>Find an image of some old, sun stained paper. There are a ton of great free resources for stock images, one of my favorites is <a href="http://www.sxc.hu/">http://www.sxc.hu/</a></p>
<p><a href="http://justinledvina.com/paper.png">Here is the link to download the same piece of paper</a> I use in this tutorial.</p>
<p>We need to add this old paper image into our canvas, to do this click <strong>File &gt; Place</strong>. A window will popup allowing you to search for the image you want to place in your canvas, once you find your image double left click on it. You will now see the old piece of paper centered perfectly inside our canvas. It should look like the image below if you didn&#8217;t skip ahead.</p>
<p><a href="http://justinledvina.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/treasuretutorial3.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-403" title="treasuretutorial3" src="http://justinledvina.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/treasuretutorial3.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="451" /></a></p>
<p>To get rid of the gray crossing lines just hit the <strong>ENTER</strong> key or right click on the old paper and left click Place.</p>
<hr size="1" />
<h3>Step 4.</h3>
<p>The font I&#8217;m using for this tutorial is called Magic Medieval, you can <a href="http://www.fontspace.com/dave-howell/magicmedieval">download it here for free</a>.</p>
<p>Change your <strong>Foreground Color</strong> to #1d98b9 if you don&#8217;t know how to do this please watch the video in Step 2. Select the <strong>Horizontal Type Too</strong>l and put in whatever text you want, I just typed in the word Treasure.</p>
<p><a href="http://justinledvina.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/treasuretutorial4.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-411" title="treasuretutorial4" src="http://justinledvina.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/treasuretutorial4.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="447" /></a></p>
<p>Duplicate this text layer so we now have 2 of them. You&#8217;ll see why we do this later.</p>
<hr size="1" />
<h3>Step 5.</h3>
<p>Select your top layer and click <strong>Layer &gt; Layer Style &gt; Blending Options</strong></p>
<p>Just copy the attributes I&#8217;ve given you for each category.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong>Drop Shadow</strong></span></p>
<p><a href="http://justinledvina.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/treasuretutorial51.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-417" title="treasuretutorial5" src="http://justinledvina.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/treasuretutorial51.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="484" /></a></p>
<p><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong>Inner Shadow</strong></span></p>
<p><a href="http://justinledvina.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/treasuretutorial6.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-415" title="treasuretutorial6" src="http://justinledvina.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/treasuretutorial6.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="484" /></a></p>
<p><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong>Outer Glow</strong></span></p>
<p><a href="http://justinledvina.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/treasuretutorial71.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-418" title="treasuretutorial7" src="http://justinledvina.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/treasuretutorial71.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="484" /></a></p>
<p><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong>Bevel and Emboss</strong></span></p>
<p><a href="http://justinledvina.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/treasuretutorial8.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-419" title="treasuretutorial8" src="http://justinledvina.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/treasuretutorial8.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="484" /></a></p>
<p><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong>Contour</strong></span></p>
<p><a href="http://justinledvina.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/treasuretutorial9.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-421" title="treasuretutorial9" src="http://justinledvina.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/treasuretutorial9.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="484" /></a></p>
<p><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong>Satin</strong></span></p>
<p><a href="http://justinledvina.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/treasuretutorial10.jpg"><img title="treasuretutorial10" src="http://justinledvina.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/treasuretutorial10.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="484" /></a></p>
<p>Your image should now look like this.</p>
<p><a href="http://justinledvina.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/treasuretutorial11.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-422" title="treasuretutorial11" src="http://justinledvina.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/treasuretutorial11.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="447" /></a></p>
<hr size="1" />
<h3>Step 6.</h3>
<p>Now that our top text layer is complete we can work on the bottom text layer to make this graphic look like a million bucks.</p>
<p>Select the bottom text layer and click <strong>Layer &gt; Layer Styles &gt; Blending Options</strong>. Once again just copy my attributes.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong>Drop Shadow</strong></span></p>
<p><a href="http://justinledvina.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/treasuretutorial12.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-425" title="treasuretutorial12" src="http://justinledvina.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/treasuretutorial12.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="484" /></a></p>
<p>Your image should now look like this.</p>
<p><a href="http://justinledvina.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/treasuretutorial13.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-426" title="treasuretutorial13" src="http://justinledvina.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/treasuretutorial13.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="447" /></a></p>
<p>The hard work is done now you can lock these two text layers together so you can rotate and move it where ever your heart desires on the canvas.</p>
<p><a href="http://justinledvina.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/treasurequestwinner.png"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-427" title="treasurequestwinner" src="http://justinledvina.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/treasurequestwinner.png" alt="" width="520" height="520" /></a></p>
<p>I hope you found this tutorial useful and I look forward to making more of these for you in the near future. Don&#8217;t forget to post a link of your attempt at this tutorial in the comments section below. I&#8217;d love to see what you did!</p>
<p>What would you like me to show you on the next <strong>&#8220;How did you do that?&#8221;</strong> tutorial?</p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		<slash:comments>7</slash:comments>
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		<item>
		<title>Fill My Truncated Cone Please</title>
		<link>http://justinledvina.com/math/fill-my-truncated-cone-please/</link>
		<comments>http://justinledvina.com/math/fill-my-truncated-cone-please/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 13 Feb 2012 08:30:44 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Justin Ledvina</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Math]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://justinledvina.com/?p=315</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[In geometry, a frustum (plural: frusta or frustums) is the portion of a solid (normally a cone or pyramid) that lies between two parallel planes cutting it. The term is commonly used in computer graphics to describe the three-dimensional region which is visible on the screen, the &#8220;viewing frustum&#8221;, which is formed by a clipped<a href="http://justinledvina.com/math/fill-my-truncated-cone-please/">&#160;&#160;[ Read More ]</a>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p id="cite_ref-0">In geometry, a <strong>frustum</strong> (plural: <em>frusta</em> or <em>frustums</em>) is the portion of a solid (normally a cone or pyramid) that lies between two parallel planes cutting it.</p>
<p>The term is commonly used in computer graphics to describe the three-dimensional region which is visible on the screen, the &#8220;viewing frustum&#8221;, which is formed by a clipped pyramid; in particular, <em>frustum culling</em> is a method of hidden surface determination.</p>
<p>In the aerospace industry, frustum is the common term for the fairing between two stages of a multistage rocket (such as the Saturn V), which is shaped like a truncated cone.</p>
<p>Each plane section is a floor or base of the frustum. Its axis if any, is that of the original cone or pyramid. A frustum is circular if it has circular bases; it is right if the axis is perpendicular to both bases, and oblique otherwise.</p>
<p>The height of a frustum is the perpendicular distance between the planes of the two bases.</p>
<p>Cones and pyramids can be viewed as degenerate cases of frusta, where one of the cutting planes passes through the apex (so that the corresponding base reduces to a point). The pyramidal frusta are a subclass of the prismatoids.</p>
<p>Two frusta joined at their bases make a bifrustum.</p>
<p>Let&#8217;s checkout the formula!</p>
<h3>Volume</h3>
<p>The volume of a conical or pyramidal frustum is the volume of the solid before slicing the apex off, minus the volume of the apex:</p>
<dl>
<dd><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/math/b/a/3/ba3331d830eda17d62942d454fb6a5ef.png" alt="V = \frac{h_2 B_2 - h_1 B_1}{3}" /></dd>
</dl>
<p>where <em>B</em><sub>1</sub> is the area of one base, <em>B</em><sub>2</sub> is the area of the other base, and <em>h</em><sub>1</sub>, <em>h</em><sub>2</sub> are the perpendicular heights from the apex to the planes of the two bases.</p>
<p>Considering that</p>
<dl>
<dd><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/math/7/6/0/760c9aaabb7d956efabfc6b939a34597.png" alt="\frac{B_1}{h_1^2}=\frac{B_2}{h_2^2}" /></dd>
</dl>
<p>the volume can also be expressed as the product of the height <em>h</em> = <em>h</em><sub>2</sub>−<em>h</em><sub>1</sub> of the frustum, and the Heronian mean of their areas:</p>
<dl>
<dd><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/math/9/a/9/9a9b145443796e86488132680a847cc5.png" alt="V = \frac{h}{3}(B_1+B_2+\sqrt{B_1 B_2})" /></dd>
</dl>
<p>Heron of Alexandria is noted for deriving this formula and with it encountering the imaginary number, the square root of negative one.</p>
<p>In particular, the volume of a circular cone frustum is</p>
<dl>
<dd><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/math/0/3/5/035329cf00942725a35baee2f417bdc2.png" alt="V = \frac{\pi h}{3}(R_1^2+R_2^2+R_1 R_2)" /></dd>
</dl>
<p>where <em>π</em> is 3.14159265&#8230;, and <em>R</em><sub>1</sub>, <em>R</em><sub>2</sub> are the radii of the two bases.</p>
<div><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Frustum_with_symbols.svg/179px-Frustum_with_symbols.svg.png" alt="Pyramidal frustum." width="179" height="200" /></div>
<p>The volume of a pyramidal frustum whose bases are <em>n</em>-sided regular polygons is</p>
<dl>
<dd><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/math/5/a/6/5a6dde096d8c48f7abe462bd719c1630.png" alt="V= \frac{n h}{12} (a_1^2+a_2^2+a_1a_2)\cot \frac{180}{n}" /></dd>
</dl>
<p>where <em>a</em><sub>1</sub> and <em>a</em><sub>2</sub> are the sides of the two bases.</p>
<h3>Surface area</h3>
<p>For a right circular conical frustum</p>
<dl>
<dd><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/math/e/2/e/e2e7b3fe8625284b49457decfba51960.png" alt="\begin{align}\text{Lateral Surface Area}&amp;=\pi(R_1+R_2)s\\<br />
&amp;=\pi(R_1+R_2)\sqrt{(R_1-R_2)^2+h^2}\end{align}" /></dd>
</dl>
<p>and</p>
<dl>
<dd><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/math/e/8/1/e81c599aaacd3dd9cb2bb3bcbce4835d.png" alt="\begin{align}\text{Total Surface Area}&amp;=\pi((R_1+R_2)s+R_1^2+R_2^2)\\<br />
&amp;=\pi((R_1+R_2)\sqrt{(R_1-R_2)^2+h^2}+R_1^2+R_2^2)\end{align}" /></dd>
</dl>
<p>where <em>R</em><sub>1</sub> and <em>R</em><sub>2</sub> are the base and top radii respectively, and <em>s</em> is the slant height of the frustum.</p>
<p>The surface area of a right frustum whose bases are similar regular <em>n</em>-sided polygons is</p>
<dl>
<dd><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/math/5/4/0/5409d4303bab812f0bbb41baa447aa5f.png" alt="A= \frac{n}{4}\left[(a_1^2+a_2^2)\cot \frac{\pi}{n} + \sqrt{(a_1^2-a_2^2)^2\sec^2 \frac{\pi}{n}+4 h^2(a_1+a_2)^2} \right]" /></dd>
</dl>
<p>where <em>a</em><sub>1</sub> and <em>a</em><sub>2</sub> are the sides of the two bases.</p>
<p>Anyone else  excited as I am over how awesome sauce this Math Monday was? Comeback next week when we talk about Rhombicuboctahedron!</p>
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		<title>Sines Have Their Own Law</title>
		<link>http://justinledvina.com/math/sines-have-their-own-laws/</link>
		<comments>http://justinledvina.com/math/sines-have-their-own-laws/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 06 Feb 2012 07:27:29 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Justin Ledvina</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Math]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://justinledvina.com/?p=280</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[According to Ubiratàn D&#8217;Ambrosio and Selin Helaine, the spherical law of sines was discovered in the 10th century. It is variously attributed to al-Khujandi, Abul Wafa Bozjani, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi and Abu Nasr Mansur. Al-Jayyani&#8217;s The book of unknown arcs of a sphere in the 11th century introduced the general law of sines.The plane law<a href="http://justinledvina.com/math/sines-have-their-own-laws/">&#160;&#160;[ Read More ]</a>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>According to Ubiratàn D&#8217;Ambrosio and Selin Helaine, the spherical law of sines was discovered in the 10th century. It is variously attributed to al-Khujandi, Abul Wafa Bozjani, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi and Abu Nasr Mansur.</p>
<p>Al-Jayyani&#8217;s <em>The book of unknown arcs of a sphere</em> in the 11th century introduced the general law of sines.The plane law of sines was later described in the 13th century by Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī. In his <em>On the Sector Figure</em>, he stated the law of sines for plane and spherical triangles, and provided proofs for this law.</p>
<p>According to Glen Van Brummelen, &#8220;The Law of Sines is really Regiomontanus&#8217;s foundation for his solutions of right-angled triangles in Book IV, and these solutions are in turn the bases for his solutions of general triangles.&#8221;</p>
<p>Regiomontanus was a 15th-century German mathematician.</p>
<p>The Law of Sines says that in any given triangle, the ratio of any side length to the sine of it&#8217;s opposite angle is the same for all three sides of the triangle. The Law of Sines is written formally as:</p>
<p><a href="http://justinledvina.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/trig-law-sines.gif"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-282" title="trig-law-sines" src="http://justinledvina.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/trig-law-sines.gif" alt="" width="189" height="42" /></a></p>
<p>This is true for <em>any</em> triangle, not just right triangles!</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://justinledvina.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/trig-sine-rule.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-307 aligncenter" title="trig-sine-rule" src="http://justinledvina.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/trig-sine-rule.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="149" /></a></p>
<p><strong>a</strong>, <strong>b</strong> and <strong>c</strong> are sides.</p>
<p><strong>A</strong>, <strong>B</strong> and <strong>C</strong> are angles.</p>
<p><em>(Side a faces angle A, side b faces angle B and side c faces angle C).</em></p>
<p>So if you <strong>divide side a by the sine of angle A</strong> it is equal to <strong>side b divided by the sine of angle B</strong>, and also equal to <strong>side c divided by the sine of angle C.</strong></p>
<p>This is just beyond cool but what is it used for?</p>
<p>A triangle has three sides and three angles. The Law of Sines is one of the tools that allows us to solve the triangle. That is, given some of these six measures we can find the rest. Depending on what you are given to start, you may need to use this tool in combination with others to completely solve the triangle.</p>
<p>Now that we&#8217;ve got the basics lets check this bad boy out in action!</p>
<p style="text-align: left;" align="center"><strong><a href="http://justinledvina.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/trig-5-8-9.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-308 aligncenter" title="trig-5-8-9" src="http://justinledvina.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/trig-5-8-9.jpg" alt="" width="232" height="126" /></a>a/sin A</strong> = 8 / sin (62.2°) = 8 / 0.885&#8230; = <strong>9.04&#8230;</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: left;" align="center"><strong>b/sin B</strong> = 5 / sin (33.5°) = 5 / 0.552&#8230; = <strong>9.06&#8230;</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: left;" align="center"><strong>c/sin C</strong> = 9 / sin (84.3°) = 9 / 0.995&#8230; = <strong>9.05&#8230;</strong></p>
<p>The answers are <strong>almost the same!</strong><br />
<em>(They would be <strong>exactly</strong> the same if I used perfect accuracy).</em></p>
<p>So to wrap this up, if we are given one side and its opposite angle we can find the &#8220;law of Sines&#8221; ratio for the triangle. Then, using that ratio and the other given elements, we can solve the triangle.</p>
<p>Triangles are <em><strong>AWESOME SAUCE!</strong></em></p>
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